功夫中的基本阴阳理论

首先我并不打算把这一部分仅仅当作是基本技术放入书中；另外我也相信读者会通过了解中国人的人生观而受益匪浅。他的技术也会因此得到很大的提高（无论他练习的是哪种体系）。

功夫的基本结构是建立在阴阳——一对存在于宇宙中，连续而永不停歇，互动而又相互补充的作用力理论之上的。这种中国人的人生观能够运用到万事万物中去，但在这里我们就仅谈谈它跟功夫艺术之间的联系。

这个圆圈中黑的部分被称作为阴，而在中国哲学中它常常用来描述宇宙间存在的一切包含有如下性质的东西：否定的、被动的、柔和的、非实体的、雌性的、月亮、黑暗、夜晚等等。圆圈中的另一部分被称之为阳，它用来描述那些带有肯定的、主动的、坚固的、实体的、雄性的、太阳、光明、白天等等性质的事物

许多人常常会犯的一个错误就是把阴阳太极的符号当作是二元对立来识别：于是阳便成了阴的对立面，反之亦然。一旦我们将这全然的整体一分为二时，我们便偏离了我们要实现的轨道。

事实上，任何事物都有与它们的互补的部分，而所谓的分裂仅仅存在于人们的思想和理解当中。太阳不仅不是月亮的对立面，同时它们还互补并且互相贯通，而我们也无法脱离其中的任何一个而存在。相同的，雄性并非是雌性的对立面，它们仅仅是互补的关系，没有雄性我们也就无从去了解什么是雌性，反之亦然。阴阳的整体唯一性对于生命而言是必须的。假如一个人想要骑自行车去什么地方，要是他同时踩或同时不踩两块脚踏板都将是无济于事的，如果想要往前行进，那么他就必须驱动一块脚踏板而使另一块放松。因此向前运动这一动作要求蹬和放松这两者的整体的统一。蹬是放松的结果，反之亦然，而任何事物都是它互补者的原因。

在阴阳太极的符号里面，在黑的部分有个白点，而在白的部分有个黑点，这是用来说明在生命当中，如果走向了极端，要么就是肯定，要么就是否定，那么没有任何事物能够存在很久。因此坚固必须隐藏于柔和当中，柔和则须存于坚固之内，这就是为什么一个习武之人必须柔韧得像弹簧一样的道理。我们不难发现，僵硬的树是极容易被折断的，而柔韧的竹子却能够随风弯曲而不断。因此在功夫当中或者其他的体系当中，一个人他必须具备柔韧的品质，而不能完完全全地将它剥离了；是坚韧而非僵硬，即使他再强壮，他都需要通过柔和的品质来保护他自身。如果刚中无柔，则非真刚，同样如若一个人的柔韧中还能包含有刚强的一面，那么没有人可以击破他的防守。这个适度原理提供了保护我们自身的最好的方法，而当我们接受了在万事万物之中的完整和统一性，而不将它作二元对立来对待，并能从这样的分辨的过程当中退出，而不倾向于任何一个极端时，我们便会因此而获得了宁静的状态。假使我们能够不执着于否定或是肯定，那么我们将与它一起漂流从而控制它。而这种没有执着的随波逐流也正是真正地征服它的真理。

当阴阳中的一种势力的运动开始走向极端时，那反作用便开始了。当阳走向了极端的时候，它就变成了阴；而当阴（被阳所刺激推进着）走向极端时，它便回复到阳（这便是为什么一方是另一方的原因和结果）。例如，当一个人工作到了极端时，那他便开始累了同时他也需要休息（从阳到阴）。当休息结束了，他又可以开始工作了（从阴到阳）。这种阴阳间转换是连续不断的。

功夫中阴阳理论的运用常常是把它当作是一种协调的法则：一个习武者应当顺应对手的攻击而非直接与之对抗。假设A向B发力攻击，那么B不应该与之对抗或逃避，因为这是两种极端的反应。取而代之的，他应该去用微小的力去促成A的攻击，然后把他引导到他的攻击路线上去，就像庖丁解牛一样，是沿着骨头切割而不是与骨头对抗。一个习武者通过驾御对手的动作来保护他自己而不是对立或执着（而应是无为的、自发的、本能的动作）。而这种与A进行的自发的反应是旨在由它来导出他自己的防守。

当一个习武者完全理解了阴阳理论，那么他也就不再因为所谓的“刚”或“柔”忙乱。他只是简单地按照运动的要求去做。事实上，所有的常规的形式和技术都已经消失了，他的动作是那些每天的动作。他也无须像其他一些高手一样去证明自己，声称他的精神和内在的力量。他的搏击艺术的修养是不断地趋于简洁的，而只有那些半吊子的人们才自吹自擂和证明自己的正当性。

  

《中国功夫基本拳法》 李小龙著

 任俊国翻译

The center of the Far Eastern martial arts has been the art of Gung-Fu, whose principles and techniques pervaded and influenced the different arts of Oriental self-defense. Because Gung-Fu has been shrouded under a veil of utmost secrecy, it is very seldom heard of in the Western world as well as many other Far Eastern countries.

Its history covers four thousand years. At first in the midst of antiquity, Gung-Fu was simply a no-holds-barred type of fighting, but as the centuries went by, countless generations of its practitioners gradually perfected it, smoothing out the rough spots, polishing the techniques, until it began to emerge as something definitely superior. Later on, the studies of anatomy, religions, psychology are included, and Gung-Fu advanced one more step to a highly scientific and philosophical type of self-defense. That was around two or three thousand years ago! Gung-Fu is for health promotion, cultivation of mind, and self-protection. Its philosophy is based on the integral parts of the philosophies of Taoism, Ch’an and I’Ching ,(Book of Changes –the ideal of giving with adversity , to bend slight spring back stronger than before and to adapt oneself harmoniously to the opponent’s movements without striving or resting .The techniques of Gung-Fu emphasize not on power but in conservation of energy and moderation without going to either extreme(Yin &Yang) .That is why a true Gung Fu man never opposes force (which will create reaction )or give way completely; he is simply pliable , as a spring. He seeks to merge harmoniously with the oncoming force of the opponent—to be the complement, and not the opposite of the opponent’s force.

It has been quite a number of years that I have indulged myself in Wing Chuing , the School of Artlessness ;my mind is no longer distracted by the opponent , “self “,or formal techniques ,etc. I have made my opponent’s techniques my techniques; my task is simply to complete the other half of the “oneness”, and my action is that of Wu-Wei (spontaneous act) which is according to the circumstances without pre-arrangement. The training of mind and imagination, imagination and Ch’s (breath), breath and energy, etc. are all gone. There is nothing to “try” to do; everything simply flows.

Now I am asked, by a very good friend of mine, to write a book on Gung Fu techniques, which I have long forgotten .In order to fulfill his wish, I have included here in this book some of the basic techniques of various schools of Gung Fu I have learned before my joining the school of Wing Chuing .It is true that the mental aspect in Gung Fu is the desired end; however, in order to achieve this stage, technical skill of the art has to come first.

I like to stress that this is not a text book on Gung Fu formal techniques; rather, it is a book on some of the basic blocking and striking in that art .In the very near future, after my trip back from the Orient ,a more thorough book entitled “The Tao of Chinese Gung Fu” will be published.

Since my three years stay in the U.S. I’ve seen unscrupulous “business men” , Americans and Chinese alike ,who claim themselves professors or masters of Gung Fu ,and whose movements resemble nothing to any school in Gung Fu .I hope that people who are about to join these schools will examine closely . I also like to add that whoever reads this book will not be able to become a “holy terror”; nor can he be a Gung Fu expert in just three easy lessons.

B.Lee